The Indigenous Peoples and the Europeans Essay Example for Free

The Indigenous Peoples and the Europeans Essay Introduction This School Based Assignment project is based on the British in Jamaica during the 17th to mid- 20th Centuries. The History of the British in Jamaica dates back to when the British battled the Spanish for the possession of Jamaica, by which they won. Jamaica, under British rule became One of the most prized Colonia Possession of the entire British Empire, because of its wealth From the Introduction of Sugar Cane. They also were the main Colonial power in Jamaica for The longest period of time of over more than 300 years. It is important for us as citizens to Know about our history of the British since they left a big legacy behind in Jamaica. They have Brought main aspects of their culture e.g. Architecture, Food, Language, Religion and many Others, to Jamaica, resulting in these aspects being a part of the ‘Melting Pot’ of our Multidiversed Culture in today’s Society .The Researcher hopes that Readers will enjoy reading This very  Informative and Interesting Project about Jamaica’s Past. Food Patty Originated from the United Kingdom, the pastry is a meat pie, which dates Back from Middle English, which consists of a circle of pastry folded to enclose a Highly spiced filling, somewhat resembling an English Cornish pastry. According to Senior; Oliver: Encyclopedia of Jamaican Heritage –Page 378, presently it is a favour- Ite Convenience food of Jamaicans, widely eaten and exported overseas . Otaheite apple This fruit was brought and introduced to Jamaica in 1793 by Captain Bligh, An English captain, and was originated in Malaysia. This large fruit tree occurs in The bearing seasons between February-March and June-July, when not only the Fruit but the tree’s spectacular display can be enjoyed. The best thing that is Enjoyable about the Otaheite apple is its thin skin that is usually eaten along with The sweet and snowy white flesh that surrounds a large seed; similar features of Other apples like the Rose apple. The Otaheite apple is used in making Preserves And wine, and is also used in medicine-making which has health-giving properties As other apples. Easter Bun The Easter Bun derives from the English tradition of Hot Cross Buns at Good Friday which became popular during Tudor days. Currently, Easter Buns are Popular all year round in Jamaica, with ‘Bun and Cheese’ being fairly common fare, But Spicy and fruit-rich ‘Easter bun’ being special. Easter buns are familiar to Christmas Puddings are exported overseas to Jamaican relatives and families. Ackee National Fruit of Jamaica and one-half of the ‘national dish’-Ackee and Saltfish.The name Ackee or Akee is from the Twi language of Ghana. It was  brought By Captain Bligh, who brought the breadfruit-another fruit, to Jamaica , in turn Took the first ackee from Jamaica to London, which in 1806, was officially Described and given the botanical name BlighiaSapidain his honour. The tree Comes from West Africa, its introduction recorded in 1778 when some plants were purchased from the captain of a slave ship. The colour of the aril helps to identify The two main varieties, that with a soft yellow aril is popularly called ‘butter’ while ‘cheese’ is hard and creamed-coloured. The tree is a familiar sight in most Jamaican yards, including urban areas, it grows up to 15m under favourable Conditions which bears fruits 7.5-10 cm long.It is used in preparing dishes including Ackee and Saltfish; it is also used in folk medicine for colds and pains. Breadfruit The Breadfruit was brought to Jamaica by Captain William Bligh before 1793 After obtaining them from the South Pacific islands of Tahiti and Timor and sailing To the West Indies distributing them to various Caribbean islands including Jamaica. In the colonial days, Planters were seeking a cheap source of food for the Slaves in Jamaica and would pay reasonable costs to anyone who could supply Them with breadfruit that produced bread, which influenced the arrival of the Breadfruit. The first trees were planted at Bath Garden, St. Thomas, immediately The fruit flourished onto Jamaican Soil, even though it took many years before the Population could attempt to eat this strange fruit.Today the breadfruit is prepared And eaten in many ways and is a favourite starches of most Jamaicans. In folk Medicine,it is used as a tea to relieve hypertension and the gum makes an effective For contagious diseases like TineaVersicolor or Liver Spots. Breadfruit Religion Anglican The Church of England was the state church from the time the English took Jamaica from the Spaniards in 1655, until the church was disestablished in 1872. Originally the church of England, the term Anglican was used from the  19th Century. During the 1960s , the church of England in Jamaica was renamed the Anglican church of Jamaica in the province of the west indies. Jamaica was divided By the English colonists into parishes, having each establish a parish church. Dominated as it was by the sugar planters and English government officials, the Church was described as an ornamental adjunct to the state, making little effort To the majority of the population, which consisted of free blacks and coloured People. The church’s supremacy was challenged from the 18th century by the Arrival of the non-conformists, which was naturally hostile to these efforts. Such Hostility reached a climax following the slave revolt of 1831-1832 when renegade Anglican clergymen and churchmen formed the colonial church union to destroy Non-conformist chapels and to send them off the island to prevent emancipation, But unfortunately failed. Nevertheless, some planters took interest in the slaves And bishop of London sent a bishop to the island who was appointed in 1825, to Undertake administration and the affairs of the church which resulted in the Revitalization of the church in the later years and new membership. St. Andrew Parish Church,Half-Way-Tree Methodist The church was founded by Charles Wesley, a missionary, within the Anglican Church to fortify and supplement the work of that church. Wesley and his assoc- Iates were known for their Methodist way in which people followed and observed Their principles; which eventually they became known as ‘Wesleyan Methodists’. The Methodists then established Missionary Societies in the American colonies, Breaking with the Anglican church but was not fully established as the Methodist Church. Until after Wesley’s death, when Dr. Thomas Coke, Superintendent of the American Methodists established the first church (Coke Church) and organized for Missionaries to come and preach to the non-white population in Jamaica despite numerous obstacles. Coke Church,Kingston Moravian The Moravians were the first Christian missionaries to come to the island with The express purpose of Christianizing the slaves. They were not very successful at First: arriving in 1754, by 1800 they had baptised less than 1,000 Africans in the Island. The sect was founded by Count Nikolaus Von Zinderdorf in Moravia in Central Czechoslovakia. They began ministering to the slaves in the West Indies in 1732 and came to Jamaica at the invitation of two landowning brothers in St. Elizabeth by the names of Joseph Barham and William Foster, where they contin- Ued preaching and ministering to people and eventually, started establishing Moravian churches in Jamaica. Salem Moravian Church,Beeston Spring, Westmoreland Presbyterian A protestant church governed by presbyters or by elders and adhering to varying Modified forms of Calvinism, the church had its beginnings in the preaching of John Knox in Scotland. In 1688 the Church of Scotland became the Presbyterian Church of Scotland but there were many breakaway groups, brought by the Scots To which they migrated. In 1813, the many residing Scots in Kingston began a drive To build a church and the island’s first Presbyterian church was opened on April 4, 1819 as the Scots Kirk, later renamed St. Andrew’s Scots Kirk. Not attached to any Mission board abroad, the congregation asked the Church of Scotland to send a Minister and the Revd John Brown arrived and became the first minister for the Church. St. Andrew’s Scots Kirk United Church, Kingston Architecture Jamaican Georgian Architecture From the 1750s until the1850s, Jamaican Georgian Architecture was the most Popular style in the country. It combined the elegance of British Georgian architec- Ture with functional objectives appropriate to tropical climate, built to withstand Heat, earthquakes, humidity, hurricanes and insects. Some common features to This style include ballus trades, ornate and deep fascia boards, contrasting lattices And pineapple shaped finials located above  rooflines and comices. This style quickly Became the default style across the island and was used to design major public Buildings, from railway stations to simple domestic houses. Individually, houses Differed according to the architect’s personality and the owner’s taste and wealth. In contrast to other houses in the English-speaking countries of the Caribbean, Jamaican houses were elevated using stilts or plinings to give room to air circulat- Ion. This was an effective to prevent rot, keep the ground cool, and to prevent Insects, scorpions, rats and snakes from entering living areas. Devon House in Kingston is a classic example of Georgian Style of architecture with its neoclassical Form, symmetry and wide, sweeping stairways. Devon House,Kingston Jamaican Vernacular Architecture In the 18th century, however, not yet everyone could afford to build buildings in The Georgian style. When the owner’s incomes were low or the construction sites Were too demanding, smaller and less fancy houses were built in a style that was More appropriate to the situation. The Jamaican Vernacular architectural style Was common among tenant farms and servants, but also by the children of freed Slaves. These houses were typically positioned in such a way to prevent kitchen Smoke,fromreaching the living spaces and had very large inner spaces, must like The bothies of 18th scotland and until today, these houses attracted then attention Of critics as they are very well designed, appropriately placed and make intultive Use of inferior space.

Journal of Consumer Behavior Essay Example for Free

Journal of Consumer Behavior Essay Consumer complaints and recovery through guaranteeing self-service technology NICHOLA ROBERTSON1*, LISA MCQUILKEN1 and JAY KANDAMPULLY2 1 Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia 2 Ohio State University, 266 Campbell Hall, 1787 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA ABSTRACT Self-service technologies are shaping the future of consumer behaviour, yet consumers often experience service failure in this context. This conceptual paper focuses on self-service technology failure and recovery. A consumer perspective is taken. Recovering from self-service technology failure is fraught with difficulty, mainly because of the absence of service personnel. The aim of this paper is to present a theoretical framework and associated research propositions in respect to the positive role that service guarantees can play in the context of self-service technology failure and recovery. It contributes to the consumer behaviour domain by unifying the theory pertaining to consumer complaint behaviour, service recovery, specifically consumers’ perceptions of justice, and service guarantees, which are set in a distinctive self-service technology context. It is advanced that service guarantees, specifically multiple attribute-specific guarantees, are associated with consumer voice complaints following self-service technology failure, which is contingent on the attribution of blame in the light of consumers’ production role. Service guarantees are argued to be associated with consumers’ perceptions of just recovery in the selfservice technology context when they promise to fix the problem, compensate only when the problem cannot be remedied, offer a choice of compensation that is contingent on failure severity, afford ease of invocation and collection, and provide a personalised response to failures. Previous classifications of SSTs are used to highlight the applicability of guarantees for different types of SSTs. Managerial implications based on the theoretical framework are presented, along with future research directions. Copyright  © 2011 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. INTRODUCTION The growing application of technology in services has  transformed the way that organisations interact with consumers (Liljander et al., 2006). Self-service technologies (SSTs) are technological interfaces that enable consumers to generate benefits for themselves, without the presence of the organisation’s personnel (Meuter et al., 2000). They enable consumers to take an active role in the production of their service experience. As SSTs are a major force shaping consumer behaviour (Beatson et al., 2006), the implications for both consumers and organisations need to be considered. The failure of SSTs is commonplace (Forbes, 2008; Robertson and Shaw, 2009). SST failure, or consumers’ perception that one or more aspects of SST delivery have not met their expectations, is attributed to poor service and failing technology (Meuter et al., 2000). Failures are inevitable with all services, especially SSTs that introduce new types of failures, such as consumer failures (Forbes, 2008; Meuter et al., 2000). However, SST recovery, e.g., fixing the problem and providing compensation, is generally reported to be poor (Forbes, 2008). While consumers demand a superior response to SST failure, complaints are largely ineffectively handled in this context (Collier and Bienstock, 2006). This is despite the fact that SST failure intensifies the need for recovery because consumers are often remote from service personnel (Collier and Bienstock, 2006). SST providers have ignored consumers, denied responsibility for failure, blamed consumers for the problem, *Correspondence to: Nichola Robertson, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia. E-mail: [emailprotected]  and provided a generic complaint response (Forbes, 2008; Holloway and Beatty, 2003). Unsurprisingly, consumers might not bother voicing because they believe that it will be useless (Holloway and Beatty, 2003; Snellman and Vihtkari, 2003). If consumers are dissatisfied with an SST encounter and service recovery is perceived to be inept, they will switch and/or spread negative word of mouth and/or mouse (Collier and Bienstock, 2006 ; Dong et al., 2008; Harris et al., 2006a). In the interpersonal service context, it has been argued, albeit rarely, that service guarantees, or explicit promises made by organisations to deliver a certain level of service to satisfy consumers and to remunerate them if the service fails (Hogreve and Gremler, 2009), are an effective recovery tool (Bjà ¶rlin-Lidà ©n and Skà ¥là ©n,  2003; Kashyap, 2001; McColl et al., 2005). In a recovery encounter, service guarantees have been found to provide benefits, such as reducing consumer dissatisfaction, negative word of mouth, and switching (Wirtz, 1998). We argue that in the context of SST failure, service guarantees could act as a surrogate for service personnel who, in the interpersonal service context, encourage consumer complaints and facilitate recovery. Following our extensive review of service guarantees employed in the SST context, it was revealed that guarantees are uncommon in practice for non-Internet SSTs, such as kiosks and interactive voice response (IVR). However, in the Internet context, they appear to be more widespread. For example, guarantees are often used in the context of online banking, where online security, in particular, is guaranteed. They are also prevalent in the hotel context, typically in the form of online price matching guarantees. Therefore, the ‘real-life’ examples of SST guarantees provided throughout this paper are skewed toward Internet SSTs. However, in  N. Robertson et al. guarantees also have the ability to enhance consumers’ perceptions of fairness following failure. SST guarantees indicate justice in a context that is mostly devoid of interpersonal and other external cues, thereby encouraging consumer voice, facilitating service recovery, and, ultimately, retaining the organ isation’s reputation and its consumers. Our paper contributes to the consumer behaviour domain by adding to the underdeveloped literature on consumer complaints, consumer recovery perceptions, and service guarantees in the SST context, in addition to bringing these independent streams of literature together. As SST recovery in practice is reported to be deficient from the consumer perspective, further exploration of this topic is warranted. The remainder of this paper justifies a conceptual framework that describes how guarantees applied to different types of SSTs can encourage consumers to voice following failure and enable organisations to provide just recovery for consumers. We close with theoretical contributions, managerial implications, and an agenda for  future research. developing our propositions, we apply the SST classification schemes developed by Dabholkar (1994) and Meuter et al. (2000) in respect to technology type, purpose, and location. These schemes will be used to highlight the SST contexts that best fit the application of guarantees, which is beyond Internet SSTs. There are two key types of guarantees commonly offered in interpersonal services, unconditional and attributespecific, that also appear to be relevant in the SST setting. An unconditional guarantee covers the core service offering, and consumers are free to invoke it whenever they are dissatisfied (Wirtz et al., 2000). The attribute-specific guarantee is narrower in breadth, covering either a single or multiple service attributes (Van Looy et al., 2003). It is directed to areas within an organisation where consumers perceive that the guarantee adds value (Hart et al., 1992). The attribute-specific guarantee is the type most common in interpersonal services (Van Looy et al., 2003 ). Our review revealed that this also applies to SSTs. For example, Hertz car rental offers its consumers online check-in for rentals. It guarantees that online check-in enables consumers to pick up a rental vehicle within 10 minutes or less. If it fails to fulfil this specific promise, consumers are credited $50. In another example, match.com, an online dating service, guarantees via its ‘Make Love Happen Guarantee’, that if consumers do not find someone special in six months of using its site, it will provide them with six months free service. In the interpersonal service context, consumers have been found to prefer attribute-specific guarantees when they consider invoking the guarantee, ‘. . . probably for their clarity and manifest nature’ (McDougall et al., 1998: 289). We further argue that in the SST context, generally devoid of service personnel and, therefore, with reduced opportunities for consumer monitoring, the clarity of an attribute-specific guara ntee is less likely to attract consumer abuse (McCollough and Gremler, 2004). Therefore, we advocate and assume for the remainder of this paper an attribute-specific guarantee. This can cover multiple SST attributes, which is referred to as a multiple attribute-specific guarantee. For example, BestPrintingOnline.com, an online printing service, guarantees both the quality of its product and on-time  delivery. This type of guarantee provides consumers with the opportunity to complain about several SST problems via guarantee invocation (Bjà ¶rlin-Lidà ©n and Skà ¥là ©n, 2003). In the context of service recovery, the examination of service guarantees has been scarce, and the use of service guarantees in the SST context has not been examined before. This is confirmed by Hogreve and Gremler (2009) in their review of the past 20years of service guarantee research. To begin to address these gaps, our paper conceptualises the role of service guarantees in the SST failure and recovery context from the consumer perspective. We consider different types of SSTs in developing our propositions. We argue that SST guarantees encourage consumers to voice their complaints via guarantee invocation in the absence of service personnel. In line with the call for research examining the justice dimensions (i.e., distributive, procedural, and interactional justice) of service recovery in the SST context (Forbes et al., 2005), we propose that SST Copyright  © 2011 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The conceptual framework proposed (see Figure 1) is grounded in the theory pertaining to service guarantees, consumer voice, attribution theory, and justice theory. In justifying the framework, the distinctive characteristics of the SST context were considered, including the requirement of consumer co-production that is independent of service personnel, a lack of interpersonal interaction with service personnel, and consumers being obliged to interface and interact with technology (Robertson and Shaw, 2009). When studying SSTs, it is important to distinguish meaningfully between their types (Meuter et al., 2000). In terms of categorising SSTs, two key classification schemes can be drawn. The most cited classification scheme is that proposed by Dabholkar (1994). Her classification scheme considers the following variables: (i) who delivers the service (degree and level of consumer participation); (ii) where the service is delivered (location of the SST, i.e. remote, such as IVR or onsite, such as kiosks); and (iii) how the service is delivered (technology type, i.e. Internet and non-Internet, such as kiosks and IVR). More recently, Meuter et al. (2000) proposed a similar classification of SSTs. As per Dabholkar’s (1994) scheme, they included the different types of technologies that organisations use to interface with consumers (i.e.,  Internet and non-Internet) and the purpose of the technology from the viewpoint of consumers, that is, what consumers accomplish from using the technology (i.e., transactions and/or customer service).

Understanding Human Behaviour through Reductionist Approach

Understanding Human Behaviour through Reductionist Approach â€Å"The only way to understand Human Behaviour is to take a Reductionist approach.† Critically discuss with reference to relevant seminal and contemporary literature in psychology. Reductionism can be defined as being the idea that a complex system, such as human behaviour, is nothing more than the sum of its parts and that a description of the system can be reduced to descriptions of the individual components. Many of the main approaches in psychology tend to take a reductionist approach when trying to explain their understanding of human behaviour, including the cognitive approach which uses machine mechanism (using the analogy of machines and their most simple components) to explain human behaviour, such as Berkowitz (1993). The behaviourist approach also tends to be reductionist in how it tries to explain human behaviour, usually reducing behaviour down to simply environmental factors such as reinforcement and punishment. Perhaps the most reductionist approach in psychology however is the biological approach. The biological approach takes a more scientific approach to explaining human behaviour and puts it mainly down to our biology, for example, Lacourse, Boivin, Brendgen et al. (2014) explained that the results from their research suggested that a toddler’s aggression is strongly associated with genetic factors. Many psychologists would agree that â€Å"The only way to understand Human Behaviour is to take a Reductionist approach† for example, Hull (2002) who stated that â€Å"Reductionism at its most extreme asserts that the only level worth investigating is the lowest technologically feasible level. All else is a waste of time.† Given the fact that scientists who use more reductionist approaches to understanding human behaviour tend to get the most grant money for their research, publish the most papers and also tend to make the most scientific advances within psychology, this may be true. However, other psychologists believe that the lower states involved in reductionism do not capture the necessary coherence of the rationalisation relation at the higher level and are known as being anti-reductionist. Biological psychologists explain human behaviour by trying to relate it to the functioning of the brain and the nervous system, relating it to the role of genetic influences and also by putting it down to chemical processes in the brain. These are all reductionist ways to explaining human behaviour due to the fact that, apart from physics, they are the lowest level of explaining behaviour. A prime example of a reductionist explanation to understanding human behaviour such as aggression is through genetics. This type of biological reductionism reduces aggressive behaviour in an individual down to the role of genetic influence, for example Dilalla (2002) concluded from her review on the role of genetics on aggression that there is a â€Å"growing body of evidence on the genetic effects on aggression† with â€Å"the majority of twin and adoption studies on antisocial behaviour in children suggest that genetic effects are important influences† suggesting that aggressive beh aviour is mainly due to the genetic make-up of an individual. This explanation of aggressive human behaviour is solely reductionist and fails to take into account any environmental and cultural factors. The social approach to psychology however, would explain this behaviour through â€Å"The Social Learning Theory† by Bandura (1978), putting aggressive behaviour of a child down to factors such as imitation. Bushman Huesmann (2006) explored aggression in both children and adults, and found that exposure to violence led to participants becoming more aggressive, suggesting that human behaviour such as aggression can be adopted through imitation, leading one to believe that reductionist approaches to human behaviour, such as the biological approach isn’t taking every factor into account that could contribute towards an individual’s behaviour. Reducing human behaviour down to lower levels of psychology that can be studied is useful in trying to understand how things work. Poldrack Wagner (2008) used Atinkson Shiffrin’s (1968) multi-store model of memory in order to assess long-term and short-term memory. This cognitive approach to understanding human behaviour, suggested that remembering information over either the long-term or short-term was due to how we process this information internally. Reducing this behaviour down to a simple component of the individual means that, for example if an individual has long-term memory loss, it is easier to target one specific part of the brain responsible for this, thus easier to treat. However, even though this is a useful aspect of reductionist explanations of human behaviour, some psychologists, such as Hull, would argue that these explanations offer only a simple solution to a much more complicated problem. Depression, for example, according to the biological approach shoul d be treated with anti-depressants as biological psychologists such as Carlson (2005) believe that depression is due to neurotransmitters in the brain. However, social psychologists such as Beattie (2005), who examined the social causes of depression, would say that this is overlooking the real problem which could be issues such as problems within the family. This is a fundamental problem with the reductionist approach to understanding human behaviour; it tends to ignore social and environmental factors that may also contribute towards behaviour and hence when it comes to applying reductionist approaches to everyday life and having implications for human behaviour, the treatments may not be as reliable as they could be. Although there are arguments for â€Å"The only way to understand Human Behaviour is to take a Reductionist approach† there are a lot more anti-reductionist arguments. Anti-reductionist psychologists such as Hull Regenmortel (2002) refer to reductionism in explaining human behaviour as â€Å"as successful as Reductionism has been, it is seriously inadequate and must be supplemented with a more holistic science.† Emotion, for example, is ignored by reductionist explanations due to the fact that it is seen as impossible that an individual’s emotions can be explained through lower levels of psychology, such as neurotransmitters. Thus, factors such as emotion can only be truly explained by less reductionist approaches such as an individual is happy due to the environment that surrounds them, not due to biological factors. A further approach to understanding human behaviour is taking into account the role of the environment. Reductionist biological approaches do not consider the environment when explaining human behaviour, however there is a lot of research suggesting that although an individual is born with certain biological traits, such as genes, environmental factors, for example an individual’s upbringing and people they are exposed to predominately shapes an individual’s behaviour further. However, taking an environmental approach to understanding human behaviour is also reductionist, but psychologists specialising in this area such as Brent are starting to integrate the small parts into the whole. In 1995, Brent assessed risk factors for adolescent suicide and suicidal behaviour and stressed the importance of environmental factors such as family, as well as biological factors on these risk factors. Taking a more holistic approach like Brent (2005) instead of a reductionist approach to understanding human behaviour tends to take many factors into account instead of just reducing an explanation down to its simplest form, thus can lead people to believe that a more holistic approach to understanding human behaviour is a lot more valid and reliable as, for example, when treating an individual of an illness such as depression, not only will the biological aspect of the illness be treated with anti-depressants, but the social aspect of the illness can also be treated with a form of counselling. Using a reductionist approach to understanding human behaviour can be seen to be not so useful when trying to explain individual factors due to the fact that reductionist explanations, although they are reduced to the lowest levels of psychology and thus are in the simplest form, generalise behaviour to a target population. Maguire, Gadian, Johnsrude et al. (2000) found that the amount of time spent as a London taxi driver positively correlated with the volume in the posterior hippocampus and from this, suggested that â€Å"the posterior hippocampus stores a spatial representation of the environment and can expand regionally to accommodate.† Here, Maguire et al (2000) have generalised their study of male, London taxi drivers to the population as a whole. Every individual is unique and so it would not be right to generalise these findings to everyone as the same behaviour in people may be due to different explanations, such as our biology and the environment. In conclusion reductionist approaches to understanding human behaviour can be seen to have led to further scientific advances within psychology due to the fact that reductionist approaches make it easier to find the cause of human behaviour, meaning that it is then easier to treat, by reducing the explanation down to its simplest form. However, as discussed, there are many problems and critiques of the reductionist approach to understanding human behaviour, with the main problem being that the reductionist approaches leave out vital factors such as the environment and social factors when explaining behaviour, thus by using a reductionist explanation it does not give a full explanation for a complex subject such as human behaviour, whereas taking a more holistic approach such as a humanist approach, takes many different factors into account. Therefore, reductionist explanations, is limited when it comes to understanding and explaining human behaviour. Samantha Carlisle

Anne Bradstreet :: essays research papers

Oh God Help Me   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The poem For Deliverance from a Fever is a beautiful poem by Anne Bradstreet. The use of rhyme and rhythm throughout this poem depicts to me that Anne had an exceptional understanding of poetry and how to write poetry. Anne uses a great array of words to make the poem more appealing to not only the reader but also herself. This finely written poem portrays to me that Anne was a very spiritual women but maybe had doubts about everything going on around her. The course of this paper will iterate what the poem For Deliverance from a Fever by Anne Bradstreet means to me. I believe that Anne Bradstreet’s main purpose in writing this poem was not for the entertainment of readers, but for her to escape the oppression of women in the Puritan times. My reasoning behind this hypothesis being that this whole poem is just a prayer to God to rid her of the sickness, which ailed her. Why would Anne Bradstreet write this poem? I believe that Anne was writing this poetry as a rebellious effort to illustrate that women are just as talented as men, if not more talented. Every other line of this poem is a rhyme, if Anne was just writing her prayer down for her pleasure I believe she would have not put so much time and effort into finding the â€Å"perfect word† to rhyme with the previous line, if she had not meant this poem to be a demonstration that women can and will become un-oppressed one day. I believe one main purpose of this poem to show women that they should be able to express their ideas and feelings. This poem is not only a prayer to God to heal her unhealthy body, but it is thanking God for helping her in the past. In lines twenty-one and twenty-two, Anne writes, â€Å"Thou heard’st, Thy rod Thou didst remove And spared my body frail† (Bradstreet 277), These two lines, among other Anne Bradstreet poems, tells me that Anne was not a selfish women, she knew that she must thank God for what he has done for her in order for him to help her again. Anne was a very considerate person she was always looking out for others, mainly her children and husband. Toward the end this poem Anne Bradstreet is giving glory to God. She is thanking him for not only curing her illness at that time, but also thanking him for helping her with everything else that goes on in her life.

The Christian Position on Euthanasia :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

     Ã‚   This essay has chosen to study the largest Christian denomination's attitude toward euthanasia, in order to determine the basic Christian position in the current debate on euthanasia. It is interesting to note that, even within one Christian church like this, there are a host of considerations on the euthanasia question. The rights and values pertaining to the human person occupy an important place among the questions discussed throughout the world today. In this regard, the largest Christian denomination, the Catholic Church, solemnly reaffirmed the lofty dignity of the human person, and in a special way his or her right to life. The Second Vatican Council therefore condemned crimes against life "such as any type of murder, genocide, abortion, euthanasia, or willful suicide" (Pastoral) The progress of medical science in recent years has brought to the fore new aspects of the question of euthanasia, and these aspects, in the Church's view, call for further elucidation on the ethical level. In modern society, in which even the fundamental values of human life are often called into question, cultural change exercises an influence upon the way of looking at suffering and death; moreover, medicine has increased its capacity to cure and to prolong life in particular circumstances, which sometime give rise to moral problems. Thus people living in this situation experience no little anxiety about the meaning of advanced old age and death. They also begin to wonder whether they have the right to obtain for themselves or their fellowmen an "easy death," which would shorten suffering and which seems to them more in harmony with human dignity.    The considerations set forth here, concern in the first place all those who place their faith and hope in Christ, who, through His life, death and resurrection, has given a new meaning to existence and especially to the death of the Christian, as St. Paul says: "If we live, we live to the Lord, and if we die, we die to the Lord" (Rom. 14:8; cf. Phil. 1:20). As for those who profess other religions, many will agree with us that faith in God the Creator, Provider and Lord of life--if they share this belief--confers a lofty dignity upon every human person and guarantees respect for him or her.    Human life is the basis of all goods, and is the necessary source and condition of every human activity and of all society.

Joseph :: essays research papers

Joseph Joseph was born in the royal line of King David, but in his time the descendents of David no longer held power or wealth. He left his ancestral home of Bethlehem in Judea to become a builder and carpenter in the town of Nazareth in Galilee. There he met Mary and became engaged to her. When she became pregnant before their marriage, he was uncertain as to what he should do. He finally decided to break off the engagement in accordance to the Law; but do to so quietly, so that she would not be subjected to charges of adultery and quite possibly a death sentence. However, an angel appeared to him in a dream and explained to him that God Himself was the father of Mary's child, and that Joseph should not be afraid to marry her. Joseph accepted the angel's message and the will of God and married Mary. After Mary's son was born, Joseph named him Jesus, as he and Mary had been told by the angel. He raised Jesus as his own son, and likely trained him in carpentry. The Gospels make no mention of Joseph during Jesus' adulthood, and so it is likely that he died before Jesus' ministry began. By marrying Mary, despite her pregnancy, and by accepting and naming Jesus, Joseph became Jesus' father in the eyes of the Law; and by raising Jesus and caring for Him, he became his father in all ways but one. Therefore, while God is truly the Father of Jesus, Joseph can also be called His father. The Gospels call Joseph a "just" and "righteous" man, and his righteousness can be shown in his acceptance of God's will, despite inconvenience and public scandal; the care he showed to his wife and Son; and his

Kwanpen Case Study

Consumer Behavior: Singapore and desire for luxury: Singapore is among the top 10 destinations for luxury brands worldwide (69% of all usury retailers present). Luxury stores are present everywhere in the city more particularly In Orchard Road and shopping centers. Between 2006 and 2010, sales of luxury goods grew by 18% 1. Even if the sales have slowed down during the scrolls of 2009, they rose again In 2010 The luxury goods become more and more popular whatsoever watches, clothes or handbags.One of the mall reasons of this trend Is the growth of high-income households. The annual disposable incomes above US $75,000 increased by 4% between 2006 and 2010, so more Singapore are able to afford luxury goods. On the other hand their awareness to luxury brands (especially European ones) increased significantly. Luxury brands take more and more importance in lifestyle magazines and all others advertising mediums. We know that usually Asian people attach importance to the image. When they b uy a product they think about the image returned by this product.Many business men and women, with high Incomes, deal with foreign clients; they want to present a groomed Image. That Is the reason why they are willing to buy luxury products. Other high-income earners In Singapore are the experts. They tend to buy luxury goods and then Influence the local trends and the way Singapore see luxury products. This desire to own luxury brands coupled to high incomes and advertising presence in Medias will maintain and increase the demand for luxury brands. Luxury companies expected to benefit from important sales over the forecast period.However, growth of luxury goods seems not be able to affect non-luxury products, because most Singapore are still prudent with their spending. Why Singapore prefer global brands instead of local brands? 2 â€Å"Rider's digest trusted brand survey 2008†, 23 April 2011, My Paper According to the newspaper â€Å"My Paper† market survey, 26% of S ingapore favor local brands (so 74% favor global brands)2. Even if there are many strong local brands such as Tiger or Singapore Airlines the support of home- growth brands Is very low.So we will try to understand why Singapore have a preference for global brands instead of local brands. The mall reasons that come In mind are that Singapore attach a lot of Importance to their Image. The 2 notions of status and belonging are key points of the Asians consumer behavior. Singapore is a modern society Tanat Keeps peep collectivist relations slantingly. The Singapore society is highly, individuals are strongly sensible of their place thin the group, institution or society as a whole, and their attitude, dress and speech corresponding to their status.They are extremely fussy about the need to keep their dignity. They attach great attention to the choice of products; prices, brand and presentation should reflect its own social status. As to personal appearance, color, material and style of clothing, they must match the social status that defines the age, sex, occupation†¦ Singapore wear luxury goods show to others that you are part of high class. The quality of the product has less importance than the image that the brand will reflect. Awaken has the opposite positioning in Singapore.Belonging It is essential for Asian people to be accepted by his peers and the fear of rejection, exclusion, is intense, creating a need to always be part of the trendy and fashionable group. Singapore have a different approach of buying luxury goods compare to westerns people. They buy this kind of product to be a part of a group, because the trend is to buy western fashion products. It is a consequence of the westernizes. PERSONAL We can compare the Moscow pyramid of the western people and the one of Asian people.It appears that personal need which is very strong in western societies sonnets exist in Asians societies. Status Self-actualization SOCIAL Admiration Affiliation Belongin g Prestige Safety PHYSICAL Physiological The statement that Singapore prefer global brands can be contradicted by the fact that there are only a few Singapore brands, so we have the feeling that Singapore do not support their own brands. But in many industries and especially in the fashion industry, local brands suffer from the comparison with global brands.For the case of Awaken it is obvious that the brand is subjected to this specific consumer behavior. But in an other hand Awaken achieved to succeed n Hong Kong, a very similar market than Singapore. We can explain this by many facts. First Awaken is not seen as a local brand in Hong Kong, they overcame the Asian consumer behavior difficulties. We will now explain what the main defaults of the brand which prevent Awaken to succeed in Singapore. Brand equity & Obstacles 10 netter unreason ten salmonella's customer Attlee towards Awaken, lets study the key components of Awakener's brand equity.Thanks to the brand equity definition, 3 keys have to be taken in considerations: â€Å"The differential effect†, â€Å"the brand knowledge† and â€Å"the consumer response to marketing†. In the luxury market, the differentiation is based on what the brand reflects to the costumer and less on what the product is. Awaken is trying to differentiate himself from his competitors on the product characteristics (handmade, crocodile skin†¦ ). The Awakener's differentiation strategy is not appropriate with the luxury market where the differentiation is done through the brand image since the quality is implicit.Therefore there is a lack into the Awakener's brand equity. Since the three keys of the brand equity are pretty linked, the brand knowledge is weakened such as the consumer response to marketing. In order to give some recommendations to Awaken, it's relevant to focus on the sources of brand equity in order to understand what goes wrong with Awaken. There are three sources of brand equity that are : brand association, brand awareness and brand accessibility The brand awareness is the extent for a customer to recognize a brand and its elements.Awaken does not have a lot of brand awareness. Indeed, as our opinion poll pinpointed only 21% of the people do know that the brand exists. Moreover only 8% of the people recognized the brand logo and 59% did not really like it. Therefore it's hard to create a favorable attitude toward the brand and receptiveness to the message. The accessibility of the shops reinforces the brand awareness. Accessibility is how easy it is or how easy it seems to be, for customers to interact with and to purchase the brand.In the case of Awaken this component of the brand equity is well done since the number of point of sales correspond to such a product ‘E: one or two maximum in each principle market. This kind of strategy with a very exclusive distribution channel is very efficient especially in the luxury business. However the flags ships are a b it less luxurious and with less mantra than the other brands. For all those reasons, even if the accessibility is a drawback and could be improved. The last source of brand equity is the brand association. Brand association is relative to past experience between the customer and the brand.Product use and advertisement are the basis of this concept. As Awaken is not wildly spread in Singapore and does not do any advertisement, the costumer cannot easily associate the brand to anything. According to our opinion poll, it's clear that a large majority (79%) of the costumers does not have any mental association for this brand since they don't know the brand. For those that know the brand (21%) the mental map is as follow: As we can see on the mental map ( appendices B) all the associations that are made with the brand are very material and none is related to brand universe, Which is a basic feature in the luxury market.Now lets consider the uniqueness of the selling proposition that is à ¢â‚¬  fashionable, handmade and high quality crocodile product that last for life†. This positioning is quiet unique and in one hand can be a compelling reason to buy product from the brand but in the other hand in this market it's debatable whether this proposition is efficient. Indeed, the kind of costumer that buy products for the quality are not focus on fashion and are more likely to appreciate very classic model with a style that will last over the years.Last but not least the colors are too flashy for such a proposition ii a 30 years old woman can appreciate a pink purse but will it be ten same when seen Is pyramid of Awaken. Considering all tense International we can Dull As it appears on the pyramid some part of the pyramid are missing. Therefore we can conclude that the brand has not built a brand image yet. In Singapore their target market is very narrow. Indeed they target people with high incomes that are only looking for quality and don't care about consideratio ns such as: the image that is shown by the product.In Singapore people buy product to be part of a group and the rich people group like to buy European brands. Therefore the target market is very narrow. Recommendations Awakener's marketing strategy is not efficient. Gingersnap's market is a particularly one, as we pointed out in our first part. We do really think that Awaken should first redefine the target. The target is not clear, so the positioning does not match with the target expectations. So the positioning should be created for this specific target. Now, the positioning is focus on the product characteristics.But in a luxury market customers are less likely to buy a product for rational reasons (product's characteristics) than irrational ones (brand universe). So the key points on which Awaken should work salience, imagery, feelings and resonance, that is to say the missing points of the CUBE pyramid. Nowadays Awaken focus only on the product and the quality, they should de velop their brand. The brand is not valuable in Singapore. They do really have to work on the brand equity. The salience can be improved by the communications. As we mentioned Awaken do not use the media and either did not do any advertisements.So our recommendations to fix that would be to launch a communication campaign into specialized Medias, such as fashion magazines (Vogue, Ell†¦ ). We could also imagine exposing Awaken handbags in window-store in luxury hotel halls The biggest obstacle concerning the imagery is that Awaken is not seen as an international luxury brand. As explained before Singapore are more willing to buy global brands products instead of local rand's especially in the luxury market. Awaken cannot hide its Singapore origin, but the can make the customers forget about it.For instance they should hire western models instead of Asian ones and do brand endorsement with international stars which are particularly famous in Singapore. It will also show that the brand is well- known abroad. According to our opinion poll Awaken has no dominant â€Å"feeling†. They should develop the image of the brand so that they would be able to make the customer have specific feelings when they buy a handbag. The main feelings that must be developed are the social approval feeling that is common to almost all luxury brand and the security feeling to differentiate itself from its competitors.For instance they could associate themselves with a very famous international luxury watch company (as Jaeger Lecture or Role) to make crocodile skin bracelet. Consumer will associate the feelings of security and social approval of the watch brand with Awaken. And it will increase the international image of Awaken. The last feeling that Awaken should work on is the resonance. They should work on the brand universe to increase customer loyalty. Entering Into a Awaken snoop NAS to De a unlike experience. I nee should increase their shop standards.